Wednesday, 17 September 2014
Thursday, 11 September 2014
B.F. Skinner
B.F.
Skinner
Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box. He was a firm believer of the idea that human free will was actually an illusion and any human action was the result of the consequences of that same action. If the consequences were bad, there was a high chance that the action would not be repeated; however if the consequences were good, the actions that led to it would be reinforced. He called this the principle of reinforcement.
He innovated his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior, coining the term operant conditioning. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his philosophical manifesto Walden Two, both of which have recently seen enormous increase in interest experimentally and in applied settings. Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov.
Skinner called his particular
brand of behaviorism "Radical" behaviorism. It seeks to understand
behavior as a function of environmental histories of reinforcing consequences.
Such a functional analysis makes it capable of producing technologies of
behavior. This applied behaviorism lies on the opposite side of the ideological
spectrum as the field of cognitive science.
The position can be stated as
follows: what is felt or introspectively observed is not some nonphysical world
of consciousness, mind, or mental life but the observer's own body. This does
not mean, as I shall show later, that introspection is a kind of psychological
research, nor does it mean (and this is the heart of the argument) that what
are felt or introspectively observed are the causes of the behavior. An
organism behaves as it does because of its current structure, but most of this
is out of reach of introspection. At the moment we must content ourselves, as
the methodological behaviorist insists, with a person's genetic and environment
histories. What are introspectively observed are certain collateral products of
those histories.
B.F. Skinner – Quotations
"I do not admire myself as a person. My
successes do not override my shortcomings”
"Ethical control may survive in small
groups, but the control of the population as a whole must be delegated to
specialists—to police, priests, owners, teachers, therapists, and so on, with
their specialized reinforcers and their codified contingencies”
"It is a mistake to suppose that the whole
issue is how to free man. The issue is to improve the way in which he is
controlled”
"Education is what survives when what has
been learnt has been forgotten”
"As the senses grow dull, the stimulating
environment becomes less clear. When reinforcing consequences no longer follow,
we are bored, discouraged and depressed.”
Monday, 8 September 2014
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)